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          计应本的自考笔记(1)-Java语言概述与环境安装
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            <div class="post-description">每一个大学生都学了，但又没完全学的，神奇的一门编程语言。</div>
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        <h2 id="主要笔记"><a href="#主要笔记" class="headerlink" title="主要笔记"></a>主要笔记</h2><h3 id="Java语言概述"><a href="#Java语言概述" class="headerlink" title="Java语言概述"></a>Java语言概述</h3><ul>
<li>Java语言前身是Oak语言，是美国Sun Microsystems公司1991年推出。1995年，Sun公司更名为Java语言。2009年，美国Oracle公司收购Sun公司。</li>
<li>Java语言主要包含J2SE(标准版)/J2EE(企业版)/J2ME(移动版)</li>
<li>Java语言的特点<ol>
<li>语法简单，功能强大，安全可靠；</li>
<li>通过JVM虚拟机，实现跨平台运行；</li>
<li>解释、编译两种运行方式；</li>
<li>提供Thread类编写多线程程序；</li>
<li>动态执行，提供丰富的API文档以及类库；</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Java开发环境安装与设置"><a href="#Java开发环境安装与设置" class="headerlink" title="Java开发环境安装与设置"></a>Java开发环境安装与设置</h3><ul>
<li><p>JDK安装</p>
<ol>
<li>登录 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads">https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads</a> ，下载JDK并安装</li>
<li>配置JAVA环境变量<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">  1. 右击“我的电脑”、选择“属性”、点击右侧“高级系统设置”-“高级”-“环境变量”</span><br><span class="line">  2. 新增JAVA_HOME环境变量（C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-17.0.2）</span><br><span class="line">  3. 新增CLASS_PATH环境变量（.;%JAVA_HOME%\LIB;）</span><br><span class="line">  4. 编辑PATH，再最后添加&#96;;%JAVA_HOME%\bin;%JAVA_HOME%\jre\bin&#96;</span><br><span class="line">  5. win+R，输入cmd进入命令行，输入java --version和javac，如能显示相关结果，即配置成功</span><br><span class="line">  &#96;&#96;&#96; </span><br><span class="line">- 下载并安装intelliJ IEDA： https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.jetbrains.com&#x2F;zh-cn&#x2F;idea&#x2F;download&#x2F;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">### 编写HelloWorldProject</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">- Java程序分为两种：Java Application(应用程序)和Java Applet(小应用程序)</span><br><span class="line">- Java程序由类构成，含有一个main()主函数。</span><br><span class="line">- Java可以通过命令&#96;javac&#96;运行，也可以通过Java解释器运行。</span><br><span class="line">- Java程序文件的扩展名是&#96;.java&#96;，编译后生成的字节码文件扩展名是&#96;.class&#96;，需要由JVM载入执行</span><br><span class="line">- JDK文档查阅地址：https:&#x2F;&#x2F;docs.oracle.com&#x2F;en&#x2F;java&#x2F;javase&#x2F;17&#x2F;docs&#x2F;api&#x2F;index.html</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">![](https:&#x2F;&#x2F;gitee.com&#x2F;lianghuilin&#x2F;blog-image-warehouse&#x2F;raw&#x2F;master&#x2F;20220219235443.png)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">![](https:&#x2F;&#x2F;gitee.com&#x2F;lianghuilin&#x2F;blog-image-warehouse&#x2F;raw&#x2F;master&#x2F;20220219235832.png)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">### Java面向对象简介</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">- “面向对象”是一种软件开发方法，是在“面向过程”设计方法之后出现的。</span><br><span class="line">- 面向对象的方法学，是使分析、设计和实现一个系统，尽可能的接近人类的认知。</span><br><span class="line">- 面向对象通常包括3个方面：</span><br><span class="line">  1. 面向对象的分析(Object-Oriented Analysis)</span><br><span class="line">  2. 面向对象的设计(Object-Oriented Design)</span><br><span class="line">  3. 面向对象的程序设计(Object-Oriented Programming)</span><br><span class="line">- 定义事物的过程中，那些具有共性的，同类的对象可以用于同一个模板，这就是“类”的概念。</span><br><span class="line">- 对象是类的一个具象，类是对象的抽象。通过实例化类，得到实例对象。</span><br><span class="line">- 对象具有两个特性：状态和行为。</span><br><span class="line">- OOP的三大技术：</span><br><span class="line">  - 封装：将对象的属性以及实现细节隐藏起来，只给出如何使用的信息；</span><br><span class="line">  - 继承：将一个已有类中的数据和方法保留，并加上自己特殊的数据和方法，构成一个新类，就是继承；</span><br><span class="line">  - 多态：一个或多个类中，让多个方法使用同一个名字，从而具有多态性。使得调用方法时，相同的操作名，能根据具体的对象自动选择对应的操作；</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">## 练习题</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">### 选择题</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">1. 若Java程序中，公有类的名字是&#96;OneApp&#96;，则保存该程序的文件名是【OneApp.java】</span><br><span class="line">2. Java程序&#96;OneApp.java&#96;编译后的类文件名是【OneApp.class】</span><br><span class="line">3. Java语言的解释器是【java.exe】</span><br><span class="line">4. Java语言的特点是【解释执行】【与平台无关】【多线程】</span><br><span class="line">5. 下列叙述中，正确的是【Java程序生成的字节码文件与平台无关】</span><br><span class="line">6. Java程序的主函数&#96;main()&#96;前面的修饰符有【static】【void】【public】</span><br><span class="line">7. 【继承】属于面向对象语言主要概念和机制之一</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">### 填空题</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">1. 假设Java程序保存在文件MyTest.java中，则编译这个程序的命令是【javac MyTest.java】</span><br><span class="line">2. 类Testll经Java编译程序编译后，产生的文件是【Testll.class】</span><br><span class="line">3. JVM程序的全称是【Java Virtual Machine虚拟机】</span><br><span class="line">4. Java程序中的主函数main()前面的修饰符是【public&#x2F;static&#x2F;void】</span><br><span class="line">5. Java源文件经编译后，生成的二进制文件称为【字节码文件】</span><br><span class="line">6. 编写好的Java源程序在计算机上运行需依次经历两个阶段，分别是【编译】和解释执行</span><br><span class="line">7. 公有类MyFirstTest所在的文件经过Java编译程序编译后，产生的文件是【MyFirstTest.class】</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">### 简答题</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">1. 简要叙述Java语言的特点</span><br><span class="line">  &gt; 跨平台、面向对象的、多线程的</span><br><span class="line">2. 为什么说Java语言是平台无关的</span><br><span class="line">  &gt; 通过JVM虚拟机编译不同平台的字节码文件，实现跨平台</span><br><span class="line">3. 什么是Java虚拟机</span><br><span class="line">  &gt; 不同的操作系统提供不同的JVM虚拟机，它负责接收Java编译器生成的字节码文件，解析成所在平台的机器指令</span><br><span class="line">4. 查阅API文档，列出Java API文档中4个包名</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/module-summary.html">https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/module-summary.html</a></li>
</ol>
<p>java.nio / java.time / java.net / java.util</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">5. 查阅API文档，列出java.lang中4个类</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/package-summary.html">https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/package-summary.html</a></p>
<p>Enum / Integer / StringBuffer / Thread</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">6. 查阅API文档，列出java.awt中4个类</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.desktop/java/awt/package-summary.html">https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.desktop/java/awt/package-summary.html</a></p>
<p>Button / Canvas / Event / Panel</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">7. 查阅API文档，列出java.lang.Math类中的4个常用方法</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/Math.html">https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/Math.html</a></p>
<p>floor / abs / max / random</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">8. 查阅API文档，列出java.lang.String类中4个常用方法</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/String.html">https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/String.html</a></p>
<p>charAt / contains / indexOf / replaceAll</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">9. 查阅API文档，列出java.util.Random类2个常用方法</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/java/util/random/RandomGenerator.html">https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/java/util/random/RandomGenerator.html</a></p>
<p>doubles / ints / nextBoolean / nextBytes</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">10. 查阅API文档，列出java.awt.Color类2个常用方法</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.desktop/java/awt/color/package-summary.html">https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.desktop/java/awt/color/package-summary.html</a></p>
<p>fromRGB / toRGB / fromCIEXYZ / getType<br>```</p>
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